Biomarker

By: Alternix

Types and Applications of Biomarkers

Biomarkers are measurable indicators used to assess biological processes or conditions.
Four main classes of biomarkers: molecular, physiologic, histologic, and radiographic.
Biomarkers can be predictive, prognostic, or diagnostic.
Predictive biomarkers help optimize treatments and predict clinical outcomes.
Diagnostic biomarkers narrow down diagnosis and indicate disease states.
Biomarkers play a crucial role in early disease detection, personalized medicine, monitoring disease progression, and assessing treatment response.
Biomarkers are important in drug development, clinical trials, and pharmacogenomics.

Predictive biomarkers help predict clinical outcomes and indicate the likelihood of benefiting from a specific therapy.
Examples of predictive biomarkers include ER, PR, and HER2/neu in breast cancer, BCR-ABL fusion protein in chronic myeloid leukemia, c-KIT mutations in GIST tumors, EGFR1 mutations in NSCLC.
Predictive biomarkers improve patient survival rates and minimize unnecessary toxicity.

Diagnostic biomarkers narrow down diagnosis and indicate organ function or disease states.
Examples of diagnostic biomarkers include rubidium chloride for evaluating heart muscle perfusion, presence of antibodies for indicating infections, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer.

Digital biomarkers are collected by smart biosensors and can include vital parameters and speech.
On-skin sweat analysis enables next-generation digital biomarkers.
Digital biomarkers can be easily shared with physicians and used with artificial intelligence for diagnostics.
Digital biomarkers have the potential to revolutionize healthcare by enabling remote monitoring and early detection of diseases.

Biomarkers are used in nutrition research to estimate dietary intake and reflect intake of dietary constituents.
Biomarkers are used in precision medicine, health behavior change research, and intervention studies.
Biomarkers are used in cell biology, genetics, chemistry, geology, astrobiology, and ecotoxicology.
Active biomonitoring can provide insights into the effects of environmental changes and help assess the impact of pollutants on ecosystems.
Ethical issues and regulatory validation are important considerations in biomarker studies.

Reference	URL
Glossary	https://www.alternix.com/blogs/glossary-of-terms/biomarker
Wikipedia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker
Wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574
Knowledge Graph	https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/m/0cb3_b